Recombinant beta-amyrin synthase from Pisum sativum converted 22,23-dihydro-2,3-oxidosqualene, a substrate analogue lacking the terminal double bond of 2,3-oxidosqualene, into a 4:1 mixture of euph-7-en-3beta-ol and bacchar-12-en-3beta-ol

This is the first demonstration of the enzymatic formation of the baccharene skeleton with a six-membered D-ring. In the absence of the terminal double bond, the proton-initiated cyclization first generated the tetracyclic dammarenyl cation, followed by a backbone rearrangement with loss of H-7alpha leading to the formation of euph-7-en-3beta-ol, while D-ring expansion to the baccharenyl cation and subsequent 1,2-hydride shifts with H-12alpha elimination yielded bacchar-12-en-3beta-ol. It is remarkable that the formation of the anti-Markovnikov six-membered D-ring did not depend on the participation of the terminal pi-electrons.Lipid metabolism in human skin. I.  squalane oil benefits  from acetate-1-14C.

Defensive effects of fullerene-C60 dissolved in squalane against the 2,4-nonadienal-induced cell injury in human skin keratinocytes HaCaT and wrinkle formation in 3D-human skin tissue model.Environmental Sciences, Prefectural University of Hiroshima, 562 Nanatsuka, We dissolved fullerene-C60 in squalane (LipoFullerene; LF-SQ, C60-eq.: 500 ppm) and examined its defensive effects against 2,4-nonadienal (NDA)-induced cell injury in HaCaT keratinocytes and wrinkle formation in three dimensional (3D)-human skin tissue model. NDA is an analog of 4-hydroxynonenal, one of major causes for human body odor indicative of aging and a lipophilic cell injury factor. Cell viability (% of the control) decreased to 31% on treatment with NDA (40 microM), but it increased to 66-97% when LF-SQ of 1-4% (C60-eq.: 5-20 ppm) was administered for 5 hr before NDA addition. The defensive effect by LF-SQ was superior to that of "squalane" alone at the same doses.

the ordinary cleanser -induced DNA-fragmentation in HaCaT cells was suppressed by LF-SQ administered for 5 hr before NDA treatment, and LF-SQ protected HaCaT cells against apoptosis-like cell death. LF-SQ did not appreciably defend against hydrogen peroxide, though LF-SQ effectively defended against tert-butylhydroperoxide, a type of the intermediate hydrophilicity-lipophilicity degree out of other reactive oxygen species. The scanning electron microscopy demonstrated that NDA caused wrinkles and abnormal scales on keratinocytes of 3D-human skin tissue model, and structural homogeneity of the interstratum was broken, any of which were, however, markedly suppressed with LF-SQ. Squalane alone exhibited defensive effect against the skin tissue injury to some extent, but which was inferior to LF-SQ. LF-SQ might effectively capture and scavenge lipid radicals generated inside the cell membrane, because squalane acts as a lipophilic carrier of C60. C60 dissolved in squalane can be expected to serve as a cosmeceutical ingredient Human sebaceous gland lipids. Analysis by thin-layer chromatography.

Cyclization of 2,3-oxidosqualene to cycloartenol in a cell-free system from Simultaneous determination of the main amino thiol and thione in human whole BACKGROUND: Two precolumn fluorescence derivatization procedures by two different sulfhydryl-reactive iodoacetyl reagents were established to measure simultaneously glutathione and l-ergothioneine in human whole blood by means of MATERIALS & METHODS: Separations were achieved in <5 min on a reverse-phase column (100 mm × 4 mm Zorbax Eclipse Plus C18 3 µm) for LC analysis, and on an uncoated fused-silica capillary (60 cm × 50 µm) for CE analysis, monitoring RESULTS: Performance of the assays was good in terms of linearity, recovery, intra- and inter-day precision and LOD and LOQ.CONCLUSION: This novel approach allows rapid assessment of circulating glutathione and l-ergothioneine concentrations for clinical and research Cholesterol mediated ferroptosis suppression reveals essential roles of Coenzyme Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.Wenhuaxi Road 107, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China.Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, 250012, China. Sciences, Cheeloo College of Medicine, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, Recent findings have shown that fatty acid metabolism is profoundly involved in ferroptosis. However, the role of cholesterol in this process remains incompletely understood.

In this work, we show that modulating cholesterol levels changes vulnerability of cells to ferroptosis. Cholesterol alters metabolic flux of the mevalonate pathway by promoting Squalene Epoxidase (SQLE) degradation, a rate limiting step in cholesterol biosynthesis, thereby increasing both CoQ10 and squalene levels. Importantly, whereas inactivation of Farnesyl-Diphosphate Farnesyltransferase 1 (FDFT1), the branch point of cholesterol biosynthesis pathway, exhibits minimal effect on ferroptosis, simultaneous inhibition of both CoQ10 and squalene biosynthesis completely abrogates the effect of cholesterol. Mouse models of ischemia-reperfusion and doxorubicin induced hepatoxicity confirm the protective role of cholesterol in ferroptosis.